The exhibitions were intended to ridicule and make examples of those artists and musicians considered inferior according to Nazi policy, as well as the work of modernists contrary to the Nazis . Name of artist | 4. Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 2023, Background image: Adolf Hitler inspecting confiscated artworks, 13 January 1938 (Aktion "Entartete Kunst"), photograph by Heinrich Hoffmann. An exhibition entitled 'Entartete Kunst' opened in Munich in 1937 displaying works deemed to be 'an insult to German feeling'. Vol 2 - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. Composers such as Hindemith and Stravinsky, who had been unsure about their place in Nazi Germany, took their inclusion in Entartete Musik as confirmation that they were unwelcome in the Third Reich. His deeply pessimistic and disturbing paintings created for the University of Vienna caused a scandal. The 1937 exhibit of ENTARTETE KUNST at the Archeological Institute in Munich, not far from the House of German Art, with paintings of modern artwork declared by the Nazis to be "degenerate" on the gallery walls. The rest of the exhibit had no particular theme but was heavily adorned with various derogatory slogans such as: madness becomes method, nature as seen by sick minds, revelation of the Jewish racial soul, the idealcretin and whore, along with many others. Dedicated to Junior. Entartete-kunst nolde.png. www.thebreman.org/Exhibitions/Online-Exhibitions/Entartete-Musik. How to say entartete kunst in Dutch? Works by modern artists were not treated as evidence of individual creativity but as representative of something undesirable; they were accorded no individual value, only a symbolic status .. In 1929, she suffered a nervous breakdown and was admitted to the psychiatric hospital in Friedensberger, where she continued to make drawings and to paint watercolours, many of which depicted her fellow patients. However, avant-garde artists did not continue on this path of cultural greatness set out before them by these 19th-century masters. So-called degenerate works by Pablo Picasso, Wassily Kandinsky, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Emil Nolde, and other major artists of the 20th century were displayed with paintings by psychotic patients and were subjected to vicious ridicule by the press and the German people, who attended in vast numbers. In some ways, the bans on music were more significant in everyday life because listening to jazz music and attending concerts of modern music was a popular activity in German cultural life. Such art was banned on the grounds that it was un-German, Jewish, or Communist in nature, and those identified as degenerate artists were subjected to sanctions. Entartete Kunst poster, Berlin, 1938.jpg. Starting in 1933 museum directors who had collected modern art were dismissed from office and replaced by others who, at best, continued to collect in a more moderate manner. Prior to the examination of the inventory in the V&A's archives, the exact layout and composition of the exhibition was unclear. Beate Mller (New York: Rodopi), Michael Meyer (1993) The Policits of Music in the Third Reich (New York: P. Lang), The Bremen Museum, Entartete Musik. www.thebreman.org/Exhibitions/Online-Exhibitions/Entartete-Musik [accessed 19/12/2017], Poster of the Entartete Kunst exhibition (1937), Opening of the Entartete Kunst exhibition in 1937, Entartete Musik exhibition programme cover (1938), ORT House This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/art/degenerate-art. The result is a sad, strange history that will leave you shaking your head at the past, but will also make you wonder if it could happen, again, here and now. 1. The inventory was donated to the V&A by the widow of Heinrich Robert (Harry) Fischer in 1996.. In contrast to the organized madness of Entartete Kunst, the show of great German art epitomized rationality and order to the dullest degree. The Nazis stacked the aesthetic deck against the Degenerate Art by removing the pictures from their frames, hanging them as unflatteringly as possible, and adding the chaos of oversized wall text in bizarre fonts to create the impression of madness. degenerate art, German Entartete Kunst, term used by the Nazi Party in Germany to describe art that did not support the ideals of Nazism. Another tactic, which would also be employed in the 1937 exhibition, was to juxtapose this 'degenerate' art with pieces which did not violate the Nazis' aesthetic sensibilities. In another irony, Nordaus idea of a degenerate artist of the late 19th century included composer Richard Wagner and author-philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, the twin towers of Hitlers ideal of Germanic art. ', Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. En effet, Thors ten Kunst a fi lm votre cheval lors de la prsentation et de la vente aux enchres. The same room also featured the anti-war paintings of Otto Dix which had been displayed in Dresden in 1933 and which were seen to disrespect the honour of German soldiers and veterans. The inventory's two volumes appear to have been bound (or re-bound) at around this time, and they are stored in a matching dark grey box with the title 'Entartete Kunst' stamped in gold on the spine. The partys agenda was as much political as it was cultural. Thorsten Kunst produced a video from your horse during the auction and from the presentation. So that people can see and learn to recognize it.. Updates? Within the dark, narrow walls of the Institute of Archeology in the Hofgarten, explicitly chosen as a venue for its unflattering spatial qualities, hung 650 works from 112 artists, primarily German and some foreign. The movement disassociated itself, both in style and theme, from the traditional discourse of narrative and representation illustrated in works before the 19th century. The building was dark, with narrow staircases and small rooms, which were deliberately overfilled and the works displayed in a chaotic manner. Jewish artists could not possess licenses for performing in public and were no longer allowed into concert halls (though they could perform in the Jdischer Kulturbund). After showing in Munich, Entartete Kunst toured to other German cities. This caused confusion even within the Nazi Party because though the ideology argued that works were banned on the basis of their inherent degeneracy, the real issue was not with the work of art itself but with the race or ethnicity of its creator. The Museum of Modern Art, New York. The V&A holds the only known copy of a complete inventory of Entartete Kunst confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, mostly during 1937 and 1938. Such art was banned on the grounds that it was un-German or Jewish Bolshevist in nature, and those identified as degenerate artists were subject to sanctions."("Degenerate Art") The art teacher was relieved from their . All Right Reserved. In Munich, the Degenerate Art exhibition would take place concurrently alongside the pre-contrived Groe Deutsche Kunstausstellung (Great German Art Exhibition). This meant that artists considered racially healthy would produce art that celebrated and furthered the advancement of the German race as a whole. The rise of modern art saw this reality come to a screeching halt when artists explosively broke away from the constrictions of artistic tradition and ventured on a new, revolutionary path. The Manchester Guardians critic pointed out the irony of the likelihood that without the spur of the Fhrers official condemnation, it is possible that this collection would never have been got together and described it as a disturbing show and an intensely national one. With Hitlers rise to power in 1933, the systematic suppression of contemporary art quickly spread throughout Germany. A decree issued on 30 June 1927 allowed for the seizure of German Modern Art from museums created since 1910. American audiences can look back at Entartete Kunst through exhibitions such as Degenerate Art: The Attack on Modern Art in Nazi Germany, 1937 with a sense of detachment, a feeling of clean hands despite questions about how the MoMA and other American museums benefitted from Nazi art policy. For example, many pieces were stripped of their frames and displayed with their acquisition price and the name of the museum director. By extension, individuals with mental or physical 'defects' were thought to be capable only of producing art that mirrored their 'racial deficiencies'. In 1933 the Reichsmusikkammer was set up with the aim of regulating German musical life. B. malfeasance Weimar Germany during the 1920s had been a centre for experimental, avant-garde art, music, literature and plays. The Reichsmusikkammer set up Reichsmusiktage (Reich Music Days) in Dsseldorf in 1938 to present sanctioned German music; they later set up an exhibition of degenerate music which echoed the Entartete Kunst exhibition. Entartete Kunst Degenerate Art in Nazi Germany Munich, 1937. The Entartete Kunst exhibition has gone down in art history as a nefarious attempt to ridicule modern art and discredit any artistic talent of the avant-garde individuals who participated in its creation. Oil on canvas. Entartete Kunst by Angelo Vicente Jr, released 21 December 2018 1. Though the same Nazi ideology applied to both Entartete Kunst and Entartete Musik, music was a more sensitive subject in Nazi Germany and Entartete Musik was therefore more controversial. Aug 31, 2015 - Degenerate Art was the title of an exhibition, held by the Nazis in Munich in 1937, consisting of modernist artworks chaotically hung and accompanied by text labels deriding the art. London 1938: Defending Degenerate German Art. In a diary entry from June 5th, 1937, Goebbels writes: Horrible examples of art Bolshevism have been brought to my attention. The stories behind the pictures are as important as the artworks, Faass said. He called these pictures 'unpainted' because, being officially banned from practising as an artist, by law they should not have been produced at all. The exhibition drew large crowds and would go on tour throughout the Reich. In From Lucerne to Washington, DC: Degenerate Art and the Question of Restitution, Jonathan Petropoulos spotlights the actions of MoMA founder Alfred Barr, who obtained many works for the collection that previously belonged to German museums, sometimes to the profit of the Nazi regime. He was one of the first artists to be denounced by the Nazis who seized more than 400 of Kokoschkas works from museum collections. The Confiscation of "Entartete Kunst" in 1937 and its Consequences. Although it is not yet known how, when and for what purpose Fischer obtained the list, he seems to have possessed it from at least the late 1960s. Lehmbrucks piece was considered one of the greatest works of modern art in Germany before 1937 until its imminent removal from the Kunsthalle Mannheim and its labeling as degenerate. Other such pieces subjected to the same treatment included Max Beckmanns Descent from the Cross, 1917, which had been hanging in the Stdelsche Kunstinstitut in Frankfurt, and Ernst Ludwig Kirchners Street, Berlin,1913, which the Nationalgalerie in Berlin had acquired around 1920. Stck Drei 4. Although the exhibition certainly managed to convey the Nazi abhorrence for modern art, many have speculated that its record of public attendance was really due to the mainstreams love for modern and avant-garde art. The Entartete Musik exhibition was more controversial than Entartete Kunst and it received little publicity from Josef Goebbels. During the first decades of the 20th century, before the rise of the National Socialist Party in Germany, abstract and radically new forms of art were at the epicenter of public attention and adoration. In hopes of angering tax-conscious citizens, degenerate works in German national museums came tagged with the price the German people paid (but never pointing out that the largest prices came during the inflationary times of the late 1920s, when people pushed wheelbarrows full of marks around to buy a loaf of bread). (Nolde continued to paint in watercolor, fearing that the smell of oil paint would give him away.) Ziegler promptly assembled a commission which would include Wolfgang Willrich, whose book, Die Suberung des Kunsttempels (The Cleansing of the Temple of Art), was a major inspiration for Goebbels. The V&A's copy of the inventory lacks a formal title page. Although his antipathy for modernist art is still undisputed, the abomination exhibition was actually not his brainchild. Nachtclub Schule 4. See more ideas about degenerate art, art, cities in germany. Entartete Musik.png 199 283; 65 KB. Both copies also contain the same typescript list of artworks, arranged by city, institution and artist. Now I am going to take action . Richard A. Etlin (2002) Art, Culture and Media Under the Third Reich (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), Erik Levi (2004) The Censorship of Musical Modernism in Germany, 1918-1945, ed. It isnt just identical particles that can be entangled, but even those with fundamentally different properties interfere with each other. The exhibitions argued that this art had been nurtured by those politicians who had betrayed Germany by . Hitler did not accept Modern or Jewish art calling it degenerate, condemning the artistic styles of Dada, Fauvism, Futurism, Expressionism, Cubism, and Surrealism as Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art). Instead, it was Hitlers closest associate and Reich of Minister of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, who came up with the project. Ausstellung Entartete Kunst, Utstllning med frdrvlig konst, var en utstllning i Mnchen med mlningar, grafik och skulpturer som hade beslagtagits frn museer och offentliga samlingar av Propagandaministeriet i Nazityskland. Ziegler and his team hastily raced to collect all 650 works gathered from 32 public museums around Germany. In July 1937, the German Nazi regime sponsored the Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art) exhibition in Munich. The artists portrait of a dark-haired Albert Einstein who was forced to flee the Nazis forms the centrepiece of the exhibition. The Nazi regime organized the Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art) project to spread a message of hate while exhibiting some of the best pieces of 20th-century modernist art. More than that, the Nazi regime explicitly drew a direct link between modernist stylistic tendencies and mental illness and societal dysfunction. This meant that Hitler and his totalitarian regime effectively weaponized art to propagate a message of xenophobia, antisemitism, racism, and hate. In addition to photographs and memorabilia from the 1937 exhibition, a separate room in the Neue Galerie will hold pieces from the Grosse Deutsche Kunstausstellung (or Great German Art Exhibition), the counter-exhibition showing the healthy German art so close to Hitlers own black heart. Do dogs really see in just black andwhite? 2000-2023 Music and the Holocaust. The case of Elfriede Lohse-Wchtler (1899 1940) draws into focus the terrible consequences of the worldview that lay at the heart of the Nazi comparison of modernist art with mental degeneration. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Some word pairs will be antonyms, some will be synonyms, and some will simply be words often used in the same context. Fighting for modern art suddenly became a way of fighting against the Nazi legacy. Samurai 6. He was tasked with confiscating all degenerate art from museums and exhibitions, including works by Marc Chagall, Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso and Vincent van Gogh. Many museum directors, curators, art professionals, and art scholars were dismissed and replaced by others affiliated with the Nazi Party. [Image:Max Beckmann (1884-1950). In the case of oppressive propaganda, such as that of the Nazi regime, the enemy figure is Entartete Kunst, Ausstellungsstrategien im Nazi-Deutschland. Stck Eins 2. On July 19, 1937, the Degenerate Art Exhibition (German: Die Ausstellung " Entartete Kunst ") was opened in the Institute of Archeology in the Munich Hofgarten. The next step was their 'liquidation': if they could not be shown in Germany outside the context of 'shaming exhibitions', they could yet be sold abroad to generate cold, hard cash for the Nazi regime. 126 Albert Street In 1937, Nazi officials purged German museums of works the Party considered to be degenerate. Thanks in part to the London exhibition, a new audience was introduced to his oeuvre and he was able to flee to Britain, living there and successfully selling his works until the end of the 1940s. The art exhibition was celebrated on a wider scale, whilst the smaller music exhibition was quieter so as not to incite protest. . The 1938 show deliberately coincided with the first anniversary of the Nazis propaganda exhibition Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art), in which 650 works confiscated from German museums were put on display in Munich to highlight to ordinary Germans the necessity of ridding their culture of destructive forces. What are the correct present tense forms of the verbs in parenthesis? In 1932, doctors in the psychiatric hospital in Arnsdorf diagnosed her with schizophrenia. Entartete Kunst's profile including the latest music, albums, songs, music videos and more updates. In the independent and subordinate clauses in the given sentences, underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. At the same time, offices like the Reich Chamber of Visual Arts began popping up to engage in a sort of national artistic surveillance as well as produce art propaganda. After the extensive removal of all modernist artworks from German museums in which more than 20,000 pieces were deemed degenerate, the pieces were stored at a former granary on Kpenicker Strae 24A in Berlin. Faass added: In these Brexit-tainted times, its important to show how significant, then and now, on a European and international level such cultural cooperations are. Ultimately, Hitler despised the idea of an artistic movement that could stand as the ideal of communication to oneself and ones community because it lay promises of an emancipated people that, uninhibited, could explore their own humanity. Hitlers ideas for art go all the way back to his 1925 autobiography, Mein Kampf, published 12 years before Entartete Kunst, but Hitler himself got those ideas from a book published by Simcha Sdfeld, under the alias of Max Nordau, in 1892 and 1893 titled Entartung(Degeneration). It can therefore be assumed that the list in the V&A was created as a final document providing an overview of the outcome of the 'Cleansing of the Temple of Art'. By doing so, Peters continues, the Nazis shifted this incriminated field, contrary to Max Nordau, clearly into their own present, while reviving Wagner and Nietzsche, whom Nordau had denounced as degenerate. Consistent only in their inconsistency, the Nazis struggled to agree on the list of degenerates, with figures such as chief propagandist Joseph Goebbels considering the German Expressionists as a possibly acceptable group, at least until Hitler made his opinion perfectly clear. Explore the range of exclusive gifts, jewellery, prints and more. 2014 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn. The entries are organised alphabetically by city, institution and artist's name. Pronunciation of entartete kunst with 1 audio pronunciation and more for entartete kunst. Every purchase supports the V&A. Dont worry that your dogs world is visually drab. Hitler believed that the task of artists was to 'glorify the racial structure of the German people' using classical traditions. Komm nach Osten 3. In fact, the show was so haphazardly organized that three pieces were included that did not even fall under the modernist style category on the day of its opening. The Nazi government's concern for degenerate music was a part of its larger and more well-known campaign against degenerate art ("Entartete Kunst"). As Ines Schlenker points out in her catalogue essay, Defining National Socialist Art: The First Grosse Deutsche Kunstausstellung in 1937, Hitler vaguely defined acceptable Nazi art as eternal, stemming from the inner being of a people, leaving curators and artists scrambling to abide by his unclear wishes. Klimt's omission from the Degenerate Art show is strange when one considers that even in his own life-time, Klimt was seen as a radical and morally questionable artist. All modern art was considered 'degenerate' by the National Socialist (Nazi) party. The second room was devoted to the theme of the 'Revelation of the Jewish Racial Soul' and featured paintings, prints and drawings by Jewish artists, a prominent example being Rabbiner by Marc Chagall. Alastair Sooke compares it with some works the Nazis loved. All the artworks were curated in such a way as to conceal the skillful accomplishments of many masters of the modernist movement. This exhibition would bring together works by Jewish artists and modernists disliked by the Nazis to encourage German hatred of these artists and styles, reaffirming Nazi cultural ideology. . Crazy at any price! read a sign above the modern art masterpieces at the Nazi-sponsored Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art, in English) exhibition in Munich, Germany, in 1937. In his opening speech at the German Art Exhibition, Hitler had announced a "ruthless war of cleansing against the last elements of our cultural decomposition". (Ziegler spent weeks at the concentration camp in Dachau for his defeatist attitude before Hitler had him released.). According to this perspective, all artworks inherently mirrored the racial quality of the artists themselves. Hear about collections, exhibitions, courses and events from the V&A and ways you can support us. Hitler and the Nazis took Nordaus idea, but replaced who were the degenerates. They set the year 1910 as the cut-off point for acceptable art, thus catching Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, and even war-mad Futurism in their ideological net. As the only known copy of a complete inventory of degenerate art, this document is an indispensable resource for provenance researchers and anyone interested in the history of the Nazis' 'Bildersturm' (iconoclasm). Degenerate Art also was the title of an exhibition, held by the Nazis in Munich in 1937, consisting of 650 modernist artworks chaotically hung and accompanied by text labels deriding the art . Outside of totalitarian Germany, modern art was adored widely across Europe and North America and was sought out as an expensive commodity. Artists such as Emil Nolde found themselves initially accepted by the Nazis (especially Goebbels, who decorated his home in Node originals, at least until Hitler dropped by) only to find themselves later examples of inner emigrates (versus those emigrates who fled) who not only had their art removed from German collections to be sold or destroyed, but also were forbidden to make new art on pain of death. The Entartete Kunst was an exhibition which took place in 1937 in Berlin, Germany and which exhibited several Jewish works which were deemed as degenerate by the Nazis. 'Entartete Kunst' exhibition, the product of a mentally sick person. Both copies have the same hand-written title, in black ink: Beschlagnahmte Werke/nach Museen geordnet (Confiscated works, arranged by museum). It is interesting to note that apart from being considered elements of societal and mental degradation, modern art could also be used as an additional source of revenue for the Nazi regime. The painting was an homage to the Weimar Republics gay scene, which Alport had experienced before being forced to leave Germany because of his Jewish roots and homosexuality. Vanguardia, Entartete Kunst, Nacionalsocialismo, Esttica, ideologa The case of Degenerate Art, Entartete Kunst, and its propagandistic instrumentalization within the apparatus of the National Socialist regime, is analyzed in this article, in contrast with the current view about this art, which was condemned those days. Complete List of 'Entartete Kunst' (Degenerate Art). Name of authorised dealer where applicable | 8. Indeed, the inventory invites us to think not only about the artworks, but also about the persecution of the artists who created them. At the age of 66 years there is a new life to be rebuilt and a living to strive after.". It essentially provided the blueprint for the selection of artworks which would be taken from museums and galleries for the 1937 exhibition. Composers included in the exhibition included Jewish musicians, foreign artists and Modernists including Paul Hindemith, Alban Berg, Ernst Toch, Hans Eisler, Igor Stravinsky, Franz Schreker, Ernst Krenek and Kurt Weill. This exhibit was designed to contrast with a simultaneous exhibition of art approved by Nazi leaders made up of works executed in an academic style and dealing with typical Nazi themes of heroism and duty. "Entartete Kunst" (Degenerate Art) exhibition Film | Accession Number: 1991.259.1 | RG Number: RG-60.0375 | Film ID: 210 The 1937 exhibit of ENTARTETE KUNST at the Archeological Institute in Munich, not far from the House of German Art, with paintings of modern artwork declared by the Nazis to be "degenerate" on the gallery walls. An example illustrating this is the fate of the sculptor Ludwig Gies and his work. In Barrs mind, the Germans didnt deserve the modern masterpieces they once rejected, or at least didnt deserve them as much as the appreciative MoMA did. There was presumably also a master list, in inventory number order. It is possible to search for works by artist name, Entartete Kunst inventory number, dealer etc. 2. of these exhibits was "Entartete Kunst," which opened in Munich in July 1937 and was advertised as "culture documents of the decadent work of Bolsheviks and Jews." The works on exhibit included only a small segment of the almost 16,000 works of modern art confiscated from German museums on Read More fascism In fascism: Revolutionary image One million individuals were reported within the first six weeks alone, while an additional million saw the Degenerate Art project as it traveled throughout Germany between February 1938 and April 1941. Schlimmer noch: Zwar knnen weiterhin Ausstellungen und Ankufe akademischer deutscher und lokaler Kunst durchgefhrt werden, aber der mhsam an die Stadt gebundene Nachlass von Wilhelm Lehmbruck muss an die Familie zurckgegeben werden, und durch die Aktion Entartete Kunst 1938 gehen dem Museum ber 100 Werke - wenige Gemlde, aber Arbeiten auf Papier - u.a. The origins of the idea that art could be degenerate were bound up in the social and economic transitions of the nineteenth century. Omissions? Ziegler, however, paints textbook academic female nudes and slaps elemental labels on themall the trappings of classical art with none of the classical technique. Eager to take hold of this opportunity, Hitler approved the proposal on the 30th of June and appointed Adolf Ziegler, the head of the Reich Chamber of Visual Arts and painter of svelte asexual female nudes, responsible for the collection and curation of the artworks. It provides crucial information not only about the artists and works singled out by the regime, the museums and collections that were permanently altered by these purges, but also about the 1937 Degenerate Art exhibition itself. There are four money personality types. The inventory reveals how this cynical process unfolded: they were sold through art dealers trusted by the regime, or they could be exchanged for the kind of racially appropriate artworks displayed in the German Art Exhibition (such cases were indicated on the inventory with a 'T', for 'Tausch', meaning 'exchange'). As Olaf Peters, guest curator of the exhibition from the Martin-Luther-Universitt Halle-Wittenberg, points out in his catalogue essay, From Nordau to Hitler: Degeneration and Anti-Modernism Between the Fin-De-Sicle and the National Socialist Takeover of Power, [o]ver the course of the nineteenth century, concepts such as decadence and degeneration increasingly found their way into both cultural criticism and scientific discourse until eventually, [t]he National Socialists reduced this discourse to racist themes and instrumentalized it as a constitutive component of their propaganda for the policy of extermination created by the Third Reich. Nordau, a trained physician, felt that the pace of modernization disturbed the human mind to the point of creating mental illness that he categorized as degeneration. Remove the stimuli of modernization, the reasoning followed, and the mind would return to a healthy state, Nordau the wayward Darwinist argued. But Hitlers cultural program to erase all civilization save what he approved of remains a significant aspect of that conflict. Several rooms included displays of works by Jewish artists, anti-Religious works and those that were deemed insulting to the German people. A month before Entartete Kunst opened in 1937, Feininger and his family moved to the United States. Blatt 357 - 99 Rechnung.jpg 383 665; 54 KB. While there are many examples of the censorship of music through the ages, that of the suppression of music by the Third Reich is particularly notable. The commission, which now had additional members, visited over 100 museums in 74 cities and confiscated approximately 16,000 works of art. June 5th, 1937 dont worry that your dogs world is visually.. It was cultural his team hastily raced to collect all 650 works gathered from 32 public museums around Germany can. 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